Detecting 2 ethernet cards

Posted by linuxuser On 10:07 AM 0 comments

To configure an ethernet card in Linux, you need to enable it in the kernel. Then the kernel will detect your ethernet card if it is at a common IO port. But it will stop there, and will never check if you have 2 ethernet cards.
The trick is to tell the ethernet driver that there are 2 cards in the system. The following line will tell the kernel that there is an ethernet card at IRQ 10 and IO 0x300, and another one at IRQ 9 and IO 0x340:
ether=10,0x300,eth0 ether=9,0x340,eth1
You can add that line on bootup at the "boot:" prompt, or in the /etc/lilo.conf file. Don't forget to run:
lilo
That will reload the lilo.conf file and enable changes.

configure 2 ethernet cards in linux, kernal errors , linux tweaks

FTP access restrictions

Posted by linuxuser On 10:04 AM 0 comments

When you first install Linux, it comes with a lot of Internet services running, including mail, telnet, finger and FTP. You really should disable all those that you don't need from /etc/inetd.conf and your startup scripts.
FTP may be very useful, but must be configured correctly. It can allow people to log into their accounts, it can allow anonymous users to login to a public software directory, and it can display nice messages to them.
The files that you will probably want to modify are /etc/ftpusers and /etc/ftpaccess.
The file /etc/ftpusers is very simple. It lists the people that will not be allowed to use FTP to your system. The root account, and other system accounts should be in that file.
The file /etc/ftpaccess is a bit more complex and controls the behaviour of the FTP server. It tells it what to use as README file to display on a directory listing, what kind of logs to create and what messages to display.
Note that if you create an anonymous FTP area, you will need to read the FTP man page and do exactly what it tells you to avoid possible security risks.

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Making CD-ROM images

Posted by linuxuser On 10:04 AM 0 comments

With other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows or IBM OS/2, you are not allowed in the license to make your own CD-ROM with the OS on it and then distribute it.
Linux, being Open Source and free, can be copied. You can download a distribution or buy it from an online store and burn your own copy, and then install it on many computers, or give it to your friends. Usually, you will find instructions on how to do that on the FTP server for your favorite distribution. You will need the main directory on the CD-ROM. The sources are not needed since they are available from the FTP site.
Some distributions also come with ISO images of their CD-ROM. This is a single file that can be put onto a CD-ROM, and will create a full file system with files on it.
One thing you have to be careful is not to copy commercial programs. The basic CD-ROM where the Linux distribution is located is composed of free software. But some distributions may come with other commercial programs, and you should read the license first.

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LILO and boot problems

Posted by linuxuser On 10:03 AM 0 comments

When a computer starts, the number of beeps the BIOS outputs tells you the state of the computer. On somecomputers, one beep means all is ok, but 2 beeps mean there is an error. LILO uses the same kind of codes.
The number of letters you see from the word LILO on the screen says what is wrong. The whole word means everything is fine, only LI means only the first part of LILO could be loaded. A full description of this is available from the Bootdisk HOWTO.
When LILO can't load, it's a major problem. This often means that the boot code was corrupted. The only way to boot is from a floppy disk. In RedHat, you can use the rescue disk, in Slackware, you can use the boot disk with the "mount" image.
When LILO is fine, it's often easier to figure a boot problem. If the kernel panics when it tries to boot, it is usualy due to a configuration error. You can tell LILO to mount another kernel you may have, like a "safe" or "old" image you kept for these cases. If the problem is in initialization scripts, you can tell LILO to boot
directly into a shell with the following boot command line:
LILO boot: linux init=/bin/sh
Where "linux" would be your kernel image.

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Bytes per inodes

Posted by linuxuser On 10:02 AM 0 comments

When you format a partition using Linux's primary file system, ext2, you have the choice of how many bytes
per inode you want. From the man page:
-i bytes-per-inode
Specify the bytes/inode ratio. mke2fs creates an
inode for every bytes-per-inode bytes of space on
the disk. This value defaults to 4096 bytes.
bytes-per-inode must be at least 1024.
This means that by using a smaller size, you will save disk space but may slow down the system. It is a
space/speed trade off.
This is similar to one of FAT16/FAT32' major differences.

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More information from usenet

Posted by linuxuser On 10:00 AM 0 comments

There are newsgroups about everything. Newsgroups on the latest TV show, on gardening, and more. There also are newsgroups on Linux. In fact, the best help can be obtained from newsgroups. But which ones?
Here is a list of a few newsgroups dedicated to Linux, and what they are used for:
comp.os.linux.advocacy: This newsgroup is used for advocacy. People stating their opinions
about Linux or Linux applications, and about Linux competitors. Some post facts, some will
flame other people.
comp.os.linux.setup: This is a general purpose setup help group. Users will post questions and get answers there.
linux.*: There now is a linux section on usenet. Currently there are more than 150 groups in linux.* and they are all about Linux!
Make sure you read the FAQ and rules of every newsgroup you want to post to.

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Default boot mode

Posted by linuxuser On 9:58 AM 0 comments

When a Linux system boots, it loads the kernel, all its drivers, and the networking servers, then the systemwill display a text login prompt. There, users can enter their user names and their passwords. But it doesn'thave to boot this way.There are 3 modes defined in most Linux distributions that can be used for booting. They are defined in/etc/inittab and have specific numbers. The first mode, also called runlevel 1, is single user mode. That modewill only boot the system for 1 user, with no networking. Runlevel 3 is the default mode. It will load the
networking servers and display a text login prompt. Runlevel 5 is the graphical mode. If you have X Windowinstalled and configured, you can use it to display a graphical login prompt.
The way to change this is to edit /etc/inittab and change the initdefault line:
id:3:initdefault:Changing a 3 to a 5 will make the system display a xdm graphical screen on bootup.

Linux boot up screen, Different runlevels,graphical login prompt